April: Warm & Muggy To End The Month. Showers Monday?

[srainhoutx]

MESOSCALE DISCUSSION 0412
NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK
0957 AM CDT MON APR 02 2012

AREAS AFFECTED...SERN TX INTO SWRN LA

CONCERNING...SEVERE POTENTIAL...WATCH LIKELY

VALID 021457Z - 021600Z

MCS CROSSING THE UPPER TX COAST/SABINE RIVER VALLEY ATTM IS EXPECTED
TO INTENSIFY OVER THE NEXT FEW HOURS...WITH DAMAGING WIND/HAIL
POTENTIAL FORECAST TO INCREASE. WW WILL LIKELY BE ISSUED IN THE
NEXT HOUR.

LATEST RADAR SHOWS A BOWING LINE OF STORMS AT THE LEADING EDGE OF AN
ONGOING MCS MOVING ENEWD ALONG THE TX COAST ATTM. AIRMASS HEAD OF
THE CONVECTION IS QUITE UNSTABLE...WITH LOW 70S DEWPOINTS BENEATH
STEEP MID-TROPOSPHERIC LAPSE RATES YIELDING OVER 3000 J/KG
MIXED-LAYER CAPE ACROSS SRN LA AND VICINITY. AS DAYTIME HEATING OF
THE CLOUD-FREE BOUNDARY LAYER AHEAD OF THE SYSTEM CONTINUES --
ADDITIONAL DESTABILIZATION WILL FURTHER SUPPORT INTENSIFICATION OF
THE ONGOING STORMS.

WHILE FLOW ALOFT REMAINS RELATIVELY WEAK AHEAD OF THE SYSTEM...THE
WELL-ORGANIZED NATURE OF THE MCS AND ASSOCIATED COLD POOL -- WITH 40
KT REAR INFLOW JET NOTED ON KHGZ /HOUSTON TX/ WSR-88D VWP SUGGESTS
CONTINUED FORWARD PROPAGATION OF THE SYSTEM -- WITH DAMAGING GUSTS
INCREASINGLY LIKELY AS STORMS INTENSIFY THROUGH THE MORNING.

..GOSS.. 04/02/2012


ATTN...WFO...JAN...LIX...LCH...SHV...HGX...FWD...

[srainhoutx]

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
1009 AM CDT MON APR 2 2012

TXZ163-164-179-021615-
HOUSTON-POLK-TRINITY-
1009 AM CDT MON APR 2 2012

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY...

AT 1007 AM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
STRONG THUNDERSTORM 34 MILES SOUTHEAST OF CROCKETT...MOVING NORTH AT
30 MPH.

ONE HALF INCH DIAMETER HAIL...WINDS GREATER THAN 40 MPH...FREQUENT
CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING...BRIEF HEAVY DOWNPOURS...ARE POSSIBLE WITH
THIS STORM.

LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THIS STORM INCLUDE...PENNINGTON...LATEXO...
KENNARD AND CROCKETT.

[Ptarmigan]

I didn't expect severe weather this morning. I know NWS Houston forecasted rain from a upper level low that was south of us. It comes to show that we cannot predict the weather.

[srainhoutx]

DAY 2 CONVECTIVE OUTLOOK
NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK
1230 PM CDT MON APR 02 2012

VALID 031200Z - 041200Z

...THERE IS A SLGT RISK OF SVR TSTMS OVER A PORTION OF OK AND TX...

...SYNOPSIS...

SPLIT FLOW WILL PERSIST OVER THE U.S. TUESDAY. UPPER LOW CURRENTLY
IN PROCESS OF CUTTING OFF OVER THE FOUR CORNERS WILL DRIFT EWD AND
IS FORECAST TO BE OVER NM TUESDAY MORNING. BEING CUTOFF FROM THE
FASTER NRN STREAM FLOW...THE LOW WILL MOVE VERY SLOWLY THIS PERIOD
AND LIKELY BE CENTERED OVER SERN CO OR SWRN KS EARLY WEDNESDAY.
ELSEWHERE...VORT MAX NOW OVER ERN TX WILL EJECT INTO THE MID MS
VALLEY REGION BY TUESDAY MORNING BEFORE CONTINUING THROUGH THE OH
VALLEY. ANOTHER IMPULSE OVER THE NWRN GULF WILL LIFT INTO THE SERN
STATES. OTHERWISE...A NRN STREAM SHORTWAVE TROUGH WILL ADVANCE EWD
THROUGH SRN CANADA AND THE GREAT LAKES REGION.

AT THE SURFACE...A COLD FRONT WILL EXTEND SWWD FROM A WEAK LOW OVER
THE UPPER MS VALLEY TO A WEAK LOW IN NWRN TX. A PACIFIC FRONT SHOULD
EXTEND SWD FROM THIS LOW THROUGH WCNTRL AND SWRN TX. WARM FRONT WILL
STRETCH FROM THE UPPER MS VALLEY REGION SEWD THROUGH KY AND THE
CAROLINAS.

...SRN PLAINS AREA...

THUNDERSTORMS THAT WILL INITIATE TONIGHT WITHIN ZONE OF FORCING
ASSOCIATED WITH NEWD EJECTING VORT LOBE INTERACTING WITH PACIFIC
FRONT MAY BE ONGOING EARLY TUESDAY FROM PARTS OF CNTRL OK SWD INTO
CNTRL TX. SOME OF THIS ACTIVITY COULD POSE A RISK FOR ISOLATED HAIL
AND DAMAGING WIND. POTENTIAL WILL EXIST FOR THESE STORMS TO
INTENSIFY AS THE DOWNSTREAM ATMOSPHERE DESTABILIZES. MODEL PFCS SHOW
A CAPPING INVERSION AROUND 750 MB AT EML BASE ACROSS ERN TX...AND
THIS COULD POTENTIALLY SERVE AS A LIMITING FACTOR. HOWEVER...STORMS
MIGHT EVENTUALLY DEVELOP A COLD POOL...AND THE COMBINATION BOUNDARY
LAYER WARMING AND DEEP ASCENT ALONG OUTFLOW BOUNDARY MAY SUPPORT
DEVELOPMENT INTO A PORTION OF ERN TX DURING THE AFTERNOON. SOME
POTENTIAL WILL ALSO EXIST FOR DESTABILIZATION AND REDEVELOPMENT IN
WAKE OF INITIAL STORMS. LOW LEVEL SHEAR IS FORECAST TO REMAIN
WEAK...BUT STORMS DEVELOPING IN PROXIMITY TO PACIFIC FRONT WILL BE
EMBEDDED WITHIN 35-40 KT EFFECTIVE SHEAR SUPPORTIVE OF STORM
ORGANIZATION WITH LARGE HAIL AND ISOLATED DAMAGING WIND THE PRIMARY
THREATS.

...NRN IL INTO THE OH VALLEY...

AS THE UPPER TROUGH GLANCES THE AREA...CONVERGENCE WILL INCREASE
NEAR A W-E ORIENTED COLD FRONT FROM NRN IL INTO WRN OH. DAYTIME
HEATING AND DEWPOINTS IN THE LOWER 60S F WILL LEAD TO MODERATE
INSTABILITY AND STORMS WILL LIKELY DEVELOP LATER IN THE DAY AND INTO
THE EVENING. INITIAL ACTIVITY IS EXPECTED OVER WRN PORTIONS OF THE
AREA WHERE FLOW ALOFT WILL BE WEAK. BUT...WITH TIME...ACTIVITY MAY
CONSOLIDATE INTO ONE OR MORE MCS'S PROPAGATING S AND SEWD CAPABLE OF
LOCALLY STRONG TO SEVERE WINDS AND PERHAPS SOME HAIL. THIS AREA WILL
BE MONITORED FOR A POSSIBLE SLIGHT RISK IN DAY 1 UPDATES.

...SERN MO...WRN KY...WRN TN AND SRN IL...

VORT MAX CURRENTLY OVER ERN TX WILL LIFT NEWD INTO WRN TN VALLEY AND
MID MS VALLEY EARLY TUESDAY. SYNOPTIC FRONT WILL LIKELY EXTEND FROM
THE UPPER MS VALLEY SEWD THROUGH A PORTION OF KY. THE ATMOSPHERE
WILL LIKELY BECOME MODERATELY UNSTABLE DOWNSTREAM FROM THE VORT MAX
WITH 1500-2000 J/KG MLCAPE AND 7-7.5 MID LEVEL LAPSE RATES. WHILE
VERTICAL SHEAR WILL REMAIN MODEST...A FEW MULTICELL STORMS WILL
LIKELY DEVELOP WITHIN ZONE OF DEEPER ASCENT ATTENDING THE VORT MAX
AS THE BOUNDARY LAYER DESTABILIZES. ISOLATED LARGE HAIL AND STRONG
WIND GUSTS WILL BE POSSIBLE.

...TN/MS/AL/GA/SC...
STRONG HEATING WILL LEAD TO AN UNSTABLE ATMOSPHERE OVER A LARGE
AREA...WITH A CONDITIONAL THREAT OF HAIL AND LOCALLY GUSTY WINDS.
WEAK FLOW WILL FAVOR MULTICELLULAR STORM MODE PROPAGATING IN A
SLY/SELY DIRECTION.

..DIAL.. 04/02/2012

[srainhoutx]

BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
123 PM CDT MON APR 2 2012

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN LEAGUE CITY HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
NORTHWESTERN LIBERTY COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST TEXAS...
EASTERN MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST TEXAS...
SOUTHEASTERN SAN JACINTO COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

* UNTIL 200 PM CDT

* AT 120 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL...AND
DAMAGING WINDS IN EXCESS OF 60 MPH. THIS STORM WAS LOCATED 7 MILES
EAST OF SPLENDORA...OR 9 MILES SOUTH OF CLEVELAND...AND MOVING
NORTHEAST AT 35 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IN THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT
LIMITED TO SHEPHERD AND PATTON VILLAGE.


BULLETIN - EAS ACTIVATION REQUESTED
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
123 PM CDT MON APR 2 2012

THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE IN LEAGUE CITY HAS ISSUED A

* SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING FOR...
NORTHERN CHAMBERS COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST TEXAS...
EASTERN LIBERTY COUNTY IN SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

* UNTIL 215 PM CDT

* AT 120 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED A
SEVERE THUNDERSTORM CAPABLE OF PRODUCING QUARTER SIZE HAIL. THIS
STORM WAS LOCATED NEAR OLD RIVER-WINFREE...OR 10 MILES SOUTH OF
LIBERTY...AND MOVING NORTHEAST AT 25 MPH.

* LOCATIONS IN THE SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING INCLUDE BUT ARE NOT
LIMITED TO DAISETTA AND AMES.

[weatherguy425]

I figured that y'alls atmosphere would be pretty worked over after this mornings storms, though there's quite explosive storm development going on over eastern Montgomery, Liberty, and Chambers counties. Looks like y'all may also be getting peaks of sub... watch the cells popping up south of Houston; they may go severe as well.

[srainhoutx]

I figured that y'alls atmosphere would be pretty worked over after this mornings storms, though there's quite explosive storm development going on over eastern Montgomery, Liberty, and Chambers counties. Looks like y'all may also be getting peaks of sub... watch the cells popping up south of Houston; they may go severe as well.

Yeah, the sun is beginning to peak out up here in NW Harris County and the CU field is increasing to our SW. Winds should begin to ramp up from the Gulf with pressure fails in W TX and the exiting MCS.

[srainhoutx]

Afternoon update from Jeff:

Strong meso vortex curling is way across eastern TX and Louisiana early this afternoon with a large bowing line of thunderstorms extending from NE TX to central Louisiana.



On the backside (southern flank) of this system, the high level cirrus clouds have eroded and with modest heating new thunderstorms have developed and rapidly become severe over Liberty and San Jacinto Counties. Additionally, the cumulus field along US 59 appears agitated over southern Harris and Fort Bend/Wharton Counties and some additional development may occur rapidly in the next 1-2 hours. In fact a look at the window shows a rapid increase in the cumulus field in the last 30 minutes. Storms have shown a recent trend to go severe very quickly with hail and strong winds the main threats. This appears to be focused on the nose of rapidly returning moist off the Gulf after the passage of this morning’s strong MCS and possibly some sort of meso boundary left over on the southern end of the MCS that crossed the coastal waters.

[srainhoutx]

HGX issues Severe Thunderstorm Warning for Harris County

[srainhoutx]

HGX reporting penny and pea size hail I-45 S @ Wayside

[srainhoutx]

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
226 PM CDT MON APR 2 2012

TXZ163-164-178-179-200-022030-
HOUSTON-LIBERTY-POLK-SAN JANCINTO-TRINITY-
226 PM CDT MON APR 2 2012

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY...

AT 225 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED
STRONG THUNDERSTORMS ALONG A LINE EXTENDING FROM LOVELADY TO
ONALASKA TO SEGNO...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 35 MPH.

NICKEL SIZE HAIL AND WIND GUSTS UP TO 50 MPH ARE POSSIBLE WITH THESE
STORMS.

LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THESE STORMS INCLUDE...SEGNO...ROMAYOR...
PENNINGTON...MOSCOW...LEGGETT...APPLE SPRINGS...SEVEN OAKS...
LOVELADY...LIVINGSTON...KENNARD AND GOODRICH.

[weatherguy425]

May be some sort of gravity wave on radar down towards Victoria...Perhaps enhancing convection?

[srainhoutx]

Folks in Waller, W Harris, Ft Bend & Montgomery Counties heads up. New storms rapidly developing in Southern Waller County and Ft Bend County heading NE. The trend has been for these storms to produce small hail and go severe fairly quickly.

[srainhoutx]

SEVERE WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
232 PM CDT MON APR 2 2012

TXC201-021945-
/O.CON.KHGX.SV.W.0044.000000T0000Z-120402T1945Z/
HARRIS TX-
232 PM CDT MON APR 2 2012

...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 245 PM CDT
FOR HARRIS COUNTY...

AT 231 PM CDT...A SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WITH A HISTORY OF PRODUCING
HAIL UP TO QUARTER SIZE WAS LOCATED BETWEEN SHELDON AND THE LAKE
HOUSTON DAM...MOVING NORTHEAST AT 30 MPH.

[srainhoutx]

SPECIAL WEATHER STATEMENT
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE HOUSTON/GALVESTON TX
236 PM CDT MON APR 2 2012

TXZ213-227-022030-
FORT BEND-HARRIS-
236 PM CDT MON APR 2 2012

...SIGNIFICANT WEATHER ADVISORY...

AT 235 PM CDT...NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE DOPPLER RADAR INDICATED
STRONG THUNDERSTORMS NEAR THE SUGAR LAND AND MISSOURI CITY AREA...
MOVING NORTHEAST AT 25 MPH. THESE STORMS ARE SHOWING SIGNS OF
BECOMING SEVERE...AND SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNINGS MIGHT BE NEEDED.
LARGE HAIL UP TO QUARTER SIZE IS POSSIBLE.

LOCATIONS IN THE PATH OF THIS STORM INCLUDE...MEMORIAL...WEST
UNIVERSITY PLACE...TOWN WEST...SUGAR LAND...STAFFORD...SPRING
VALLEY...PINEY POINT VILLAGE...MISSOURI CITY...MEADOWS...HUNTERS
CREEK VILLAGE...HOUSTON...HILSHIRE VILLAGE...FRESNO...BUNKER HILL
VILLAGE AND BELLAIRE.

[srainhoutx]

HGX issues Severe Thunderstorm Warning for Central Harris County

[srainhoutx]

HGX issues Severe Thunderstorm Warning for Harris, Montgomery and Waller Counties

[srainhoutx]

HGX issues Severe Thunderstorm Warning for Harris, Liberty & Montgomery Counties

[srainhoutx]

DAY 1 CONVECTIVE OUTLOOK
NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK
0300 PM CDT MON APR 02 2012

VALID 022000Z - 031200Z

...THERE IS A SLGT RISK OF SVR TSTMS FROM THE SRN AND CNTRL PLAINS
INTO THE LOWER THROUGH UPPER MS VALLEY...

...THERE IS A SLGT RISK OF SVR TSTMS OVER A PORTION OF SERN TX...

...SWRN KS THROUGH WRN OK AND NWRN TX...

STORMS ARE ON TRACK TO DEVELOP FROM SWRN KS THROUGH WRN OK AND NWRN
TX THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING WITH A THREAT OF ISOLATED DAMAGING
WIND AND HAIL. REF SWOMCD 415.

...LOWER MS VALLEY AREA...

HAVE EXPANDED THE SLIGHT RISK FARTHER NWD INTO SERN OK AND ARK TO
ACCOUNT FOR THE NWD PROPAGATING MCS WITH A THREAT OF ISOLATED
DAMAGING WIND.

...ELSEWHERE...

ONLY MINOR ADJUSTMENTS TO CURRENT FCST.

..DIAL.. 04/02/2012

[srainhoutx]

DAY 1 CONVECTIVE OUTLOOK CORR 1
NWS STORM PREDICTION CENTER NORMAN OK
0816 PM CDT MON APR 02 2012

VALID 030100Z - 031200Z

...THERE IS A SLGT RISK OF SVR TSTMS ACROSS PARTS OF THE SRN/CENTRAL
PLAINS...

CORRECTED TEXT FOR THE E TX/SERN OK TO LOWER MS VALLEY/MID SOUTH
SECTION

...SRN PLAINS THROUGH KS/SERN NEB...
CLOSED LOW CONTINUES TO PROGRESS SLOWLY EWD THROUGH NM...WHILE A
NEGATIVELY-TILTED SHORTWAVE TROUGH IS EXPECTED TO PROGRESS NWD FROM
W/NW TX EARLY THIS EVENING TO WRN KS BY 06Z AND THEN TRACK NNWWD
INTO NERN CO/SRN NEB BY 12Z TUESDAY. DPVA ALONG THE TRACK OF THE
SHORTWAVE TROUGH AND DIFFLUENT MID-UPPER LEVEL FLOW FROM THE SRN
PLAINS TO KS WILL SUPPORT ADDITIONAL TSTM DEVELOPMENT INTO THE EARLY
OVERNIGHT PERIOD WITHIN A MODERATELY UNSTABLE AIR MASS. THIS
ACTIVITY WILL CONTINUE TO DEVELOP ALONG THE DRY LINE IN FAR WRN OK
NWD TO THE KS PORTION OF A COLD FRONT WHICH EXTENDED FROM NERN NM
THROUGH SWRN KS TO SERN NEB TO A SURFACE LOW IN NWRN IA.

AN INCREASE IN LOW LEVEL CONVERGENCE AND SUBSEQUENT INCREASE IN TSTM
COVERAGE IS POSSIBLE AS A N-S ORIENTED PACIFIC FRONT OVERTAKES THE
NWRN TX/WRN OK DRY LINE THIS EVENING...WITH ACTIVITY ADVANCING INTO
N TX/CENTRAL OK AND SRN/SERN KS TOWARD MIDNIGHT. THE EWD EXTENT OF
THE SEVERE WEATHER THREAT MAY BE MITIGATED BY A W/NWWD MOVING
OUTFLOW BOUNDARY ATTENDANT TO THE EARLIER E TX/LOWER MS VALLEY MCS.

...CENTRAL TX...
THE AIR MASS ACROSS CENTRAL TX /FROM DRT AND TX HILL COUNTRY/ NWD
INTO N TX IS EXPECTED TO REMAIN MODERATELY-STRONGLY UNSTABLE
OVERNIGHT AND STRONGLY SHEARED. MODELS CONTINUE TO SUGGEST TSTMS
WILL DEVELOP ALONG THE DRY LINE AS THE PACIFIC FRONT OVERTAKES THIS
BOUNDARY. THIS LOW LEVEL CONVERGENCE COMBINED WITH DPVA ATTENDANT
TO A SECONDARY MIDLEVEL IMPULSE ROUNDING THE BASE OF THE NM LOW
REACHES CENTRAL TX TONIGHT. DEGREE OF INSTABILITY AND SHEAR VECTORS
PERPENDICULAR TO THE BOUNDARY WILL SUPPORT SUPERCELLS WITH ALL
FACETS OF SEVERE WEATHER POSSIBLE INCLUDING VERY LARGE HAIL.

...IA INTO SRN/CENTRAL MN/NRN AND CENTRAL WI TO LAKE MI...
THE NRN EXTENT OF THE SLIGHT RISK AREA WILL BE REMOVED IN THIS
OUTLOOK ISSUANCE AS SURFACE BASED DEVELOPMENT WILL BE DIFFICULT DUE
TO STRONGER CAPPING WITH NWD EXTENT. A FEW MODELS /12Z ECMWF/18Z GFS
AND THE 15Z KF CONTROL MEMBER OF THE SREF/ SUGGEST TSTM DEVELOPMENT
IS POSSIBLE INVOF THE NWRN IA SURFACE LOW AS IT TRACKS EWD THIS
EVENING INTO NERN IA BY 12Z TUESDAY. VERY STEEP MIDLEVEL LAPSE
RATES /8-8.5 C PER KM/ EXTENDING NEWD INTO MN/WI AND MODERATE
INSTABILITY WOULD SUPPORT HAIL AND STRONGER WINDS WITH ANY SUSTAINED
ACTIVITY...THOUGH EFFECTIVE BULK SHEAR SHOULD INITIALLY REMAIN WEAK.
OTHERWISE...GREATER CONFIDENCE FOR TSTM DEVELOPMENT IS EXPECTED
LATER THIS EVENING INTO THE OVERNIGHT/EARLY TUESDAY AS ELEVATED
STORMS DEVELOP OVER CENTRAL MN WITHIN A WAA REGIME IN THE NOSE OF A
VEERING LLJ. ACTIVITY WILL SPREAD ESEWD INTO THE WRN GREAT LAKES
REGION OVERNIGHT. AGAIN...WEAK SHEAR WILL PRECLUDE AN ORGANIZED
SEVERE THREAT...BUT STEEP MIDLEVEL LAPSE RATES AND MODERATE ELEVATED
INSTABILITY WILL SUPPORT AN ISOLATED/MARGINAL SEVERE RISK.

...E TX/SERN OK TO LOWER MS VALLEY/MID SOUTH...
REGIONAL RADAR IMAGERY SHOWED A RATHER LONG COMPOSITE OUTFLOW
BOUNDARY ATTENDANT TO THE WEAKENING...FORWARD PROPAGATING LOWER MS
VALLEY TO ARKLATEX MCS CONTINUING TO MOVE NWWD THROUGH CENTRAL AND
NERN OK AND NWD THROUGH NRN AR AND NRN MS. STABILIZED AIR MASS
ACROSS THIS REGION FROM EARLIER ACTIVITY RESULTS IN A LIMITED SEVERE
WEATHER THREAT. THUS...SEVERE PROBABILITIES HAVE BEEN REMOVED WITH
THIS OUTLOOK ISSUANCE.